What are different states of matter?

This question may sound easy or silly but lets count them..

1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate
6. Supercritical fluid
7. Fermionic Matter
8. Rydberg Polaron
9. Color-Glass Condensate
10. Degenerate Matter
11. Photonic Matter
12. String net liquid
13. Dropleton
14. Jahn Teller Metal
15. Time crystals
16. Quantum Spin Hall
17. Super Fluid
18. Super Conductivity
19. Super Solid
20. Fermionic Materials
21. Quark Gluon Plasma
22. Excitonium

And the list goes on and on!! Scientists are working and discovering new states of matter that exists under certain conditions. Let’s discuss some of them

Solid

A solid is a state of matter with a defined shape and volume. Atoms, ions and molecules in a solid shell close together and can form crystals.

Liquid

A liquid is a state of matter with a defined volume but no defined shape. In other words, liquids take the shape of their container. Particles in a liquid have more energy than in a solid, so they are further apart and less organized (more random).

Gas

A gas is a state of matter without a defined volume or defined shape. Like a liquid, a gas has the shape of a container. Unlike a liquid, a gas easily expands or contracts to fill the entire volume of a container. Particles in a gas have more energy than in solids or liquids. They tend to be further apart and more random than in a liquid.

Plasma

Plasma is a state of matter similar to a gas, except that all particles carry an electrical charge. Plasma also tends to exist at very low pressure, so the particles are even further apart than in a gas. Plasma can consist of ions, electrons or protons. Examples of plasma include lightning, the aurora borealis, the Sun, and the inside of a neon sign.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

In Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms and ions forestall behaving as separate particles and crumble into a single quantum state that may be described the usage of a single wavefunction. This nation of remember changed into demonstrated experimentally in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman. Bose-Einstein condensate is “colder” than an normal solid and might shape very near absolute zero.

Supercritical fluid

A superfluid is a second liquid country formed by means of a few forms of matter. A superfluid displays zero viscosity. Superfluidity changed into found for helium in 1937. because it could drift without friction, superfluid helium climbed the partitions of its box and dripped over the perimeters. Like Bose-Einstein condensate, superfluidity takes place near absolute zero.

Fermionic Matter

A fermionic condensate is a kingdom of count number just like a Bose-Einstein condensate, except it includes fermions, along with quarks and leptons. commonly, the Pauli exclusion precept forbids fermions from entering the identical quantum country. In a fermionic condensate, a pair of fermions behaves as a boson, permitting more than one pairs to go into the same quantum nation.

Rydberg Polaron

Rydberg matter is a form of plasma formed while excited ions condense.

Color-Glass Condensate

Color-glass condensate is a nation of count proposed to exist whilst atomic nuclei journey near the velocity of liquid. because of their pace, the nucleus seems compressed alongside its course of movement. This causes the gluons of the nucleus to seem as a form of wall or vicinity of multiplied density.

Degenerate Matter

Degenerate count number is a tremendously dense nation of fermionic count number wherein the Pauli exclusion principle exerts significant stress that’s typically modelled as a perfect Fermi gas, an ensemble of non-interacting fermions.

Photonic Matter

Photonic molecules are a theoretical herbal form of matter which also can be made artificially in which photons bind together to form molecules. They were first anticipated in 2007. Photonic molecules are fashioned while massless photons engage with every different so strongly that they act as though they’ve mass.. which also says that even light posses some mass!!

Quark Gluon Plasma

Quarks and gluons are the constructing blocks of protons and neutrons, which in turn are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. Scientists’ current expertise is that quarks and gluons are indivisible—they can not be damaged down into smaller components. they’re the handiest fundamental debris to have something known as coloration-price. due to this, quarks and gluons are sure inside composite particles. The handiest way to split these particles is to create a kingdom of matter called quark-gluon plasma. in this plasma, the density and temperature are so excessive that protons and neutrons soften.

Time crystals

Time crystals are most of the many atypical capabilities of quantum physics. In normal crystals like ice, quartz or diamond, atoms are aligned in a particular physical position — a tiny effect that leads to their distinct normal shapes at larger scales.
however the debris in a time crystal exist in one among two unique low-electricity states relying on simply whilst you observe them — that is, their function in time. That consequences in a ordinary oscillation that keeps forever, a real type of perpetual movement.
however, such perpetual movement only in reality exists all the time in best time crystals that haven’t been fixed into one country or the opposite.

Dropleton

The dropleton is a set of electrons and “holes” (places wherein electrons are lacking) internal a semiconductor, and it has handy properties for analyzing quantum mechanics. the new entity is named a quasiparticle because it is not an fundamental particle, like the quarks and electrons that make up atoms. Like other quasiparticles, the dropleton—the primary quasiparticle located to act like a liquid—can exist handiest interior strong materials.

String net liquid

In a string-internet liquid, atoms have reputedly risky association, like a liquid, but are nonetheless steady in general sample, like a strong. when in a ordinary solid country, the atoms of count align themselves in a grid sample, so that the spin of any electron is the other of the spin of all electrons touching it. however in a string-internet liquid, atoms are organized in a few pattern that calls for some electrons to have buddies with the equal spin. This gives rise to curious homes, in addition to supporting some uncommon proposals about the essential situations of the universe itself.

Jahn Teller Metal

It’s miles used in chemistry to describe how at low pressures, the geometric association of molecules and ions in an electronic kingdom can come to be distorted, this new nation of count number allows scientists to convert an insulator – which cannot conduct energy – right into a conductor via without a doubt making use of pressure. And it is this transition segment among insulator and conductor that, until now, scientists have by no means seen earlier than, and suggestions on the possibility of remodeling insulating substances into brilliant-precious superconducting substances. And this buckyball crystalline structure seems which will do it at a surprisingly high TC.

Excitonium

Excitonium is a condensate – it well – known shows macroscopic quantum phenomena, like a superconductor, or superfluid, or insulating digital crystal. It’s made from excitons, debris which might be shaped in a completely abnormal quantum mechanical pairing, namely that of an escaped electron and the hole it left at the back of.
It defies reason, however it seems that when an electron, seated at the brink of a crowded-with-electrons valence band in a semiconductor, receives excited and jumps over the power hole to the otherwise empty conduction band, it leaves in the back of a “hole” in the valence band. That hollow behaves as although it had been a particle with nice charge, and it draws the escaped electron. when the escaped electron with its terrible price, pairs up with the hollow, the 2 remarkably shape a composite particle, a boson – an exciton.

States of matter describe the properties that matter exhibits. Basically, the state of matter depends on how much energy its particles have.
We can change the energy of matter by changing its temperature or pressure, which causes matter to transition from one state to another. But when matter changes state, its identity remains the same. So, if you take ice, melt it, and then boil it, it changes its state, but it’s always water.

What’s time? Is it real or just an Illusion?

According to Albert Einstein, space and time, both are same things which he named as space time and claimed that time itself is a dimension. We move and Live our lives here on earth only therefore for us maybe time is a term that doesn’t vary that much but if we look into any strong gravitational field then we will observe the flow of time differently than the outer space. For example- for astronauts time is faster than the beings living on earth.

But Einstein’s this solution opened up to the mystery of time which is an even more challenging notion. If we look around, we will see that all of space Exists right here, right now , so doesn’t it follows that all the time (past, present and future) already exists as well? Or wouldn’t be, that future is already here? This means their would be no ending or starting.

And also according to physics laws, everything is equal, which means that they (past, present and Future) all exists simultaneously, all exists now, but that’s not what it’s like. “Different moments of time exists somewhere else.” The only difference is that unlike space we can’t help but experience time. One moment we had lived, we can’t go back to moments in past and we can’t right now talk to moments in the future but maybe in upcoming years it will be possible, maybe in the upcoming years their will be nothing like starting and ending. Their are many physicists who claim that their are many people who are not trapped in time or else we can say that it’s our mind which forces us to feel time.

Studies show that passage of time seems to increases by the square root of our age, so for example if at 10 years of age it’s 1:1 then when you are 20 it’s 1:1.4 and at 60 it turns to 1:2.44 . It will be really shocking to know that our time sense can be altered by things such as sensory deprivation, over stimulation and altered states of consciousness which concludes, whatever time is, it’s deeply wired into us, we are all locks with our own internal time. Time seems to vary person to person and the elastic nature with our objective time. Time is one of the most stubborn psychology filter we can have. Is it possible to limit the human factor and pull time completely out of our physical discription of the universe?

Maybe YES because if we consider an old statement given by Max Tegmark time really doesn’t exists, sounds radical right, but it’s truth! So if time is nothing what’s all this? According to Julian (student of Einstein) every thing we see is an archaeological dig which means first these things came into universe and time deduced from it afterwards. The instant is not in the time, time is in the instant.

Just as classical computers are unthinkable without memories , quantum memories will be essential elements for further Quantum information processors . Now the question arises ,

What are QUANTUM MEMORIES ?

So basically the two clouds of atoms that store quantum information are called Quantum Memories . Simply , it can be said that Quantum Memory is a technique where information is not stored in binary states (represented as 1’s and 0’s) but in the state of polarized photons . It has a capacity to store upto 250 million Gigabytes of data .

It often be used for storing and retrieving flying photonic quantum states , a key interface for realising long distance quantum communication and large scale quantum computation . For these components to serve their purpose , it’s essential that they can preserve , atleast , the quantum entanglement between certain inputs to the memory and what were other parts that did not enter the memory . In case if this entanglement got broken at anytime then the device will be no longer working as quantum memory , but rather as an ‘ entanglement breaking channel ‘ which can only transmit classical information .

But it still remains a challenge to demonstrate quantum nature of quantum memory as it requires high accuracy of measurements while performing the experiments . With these experiments we hope that it simplifies the quality control procedures of quantum devices while not falling into the trap of making indefensible assumption .

History , some of us may be having ideas related to world wars , civilizations , Mughal empires and more more boring historical moments but it is not one of them . Historical Landmarks may include building sites or objects but their structure and science contributing their architecture are just beyond our thinking . It’s a hard fact to accept by us people that the science used by our ancestors was much more amazing and knowledgeable than our modern science . For example –

1. Jantar Mantar – It is a collection of 19 architectural astronomical instruments , was build by Sawai Jai Singh 2 the rajput king in 1724 . There are total 5 Jantar Mantar constructed in New Delhi , Jaipur , Ujjain , Mathura and Varanasi . These were build to study time and space and are still running and being used for calculations and teachings . It predicts the celestial bodies such as sun , moon and other planets , time and movements . This is one of the brilliant architecture ever and works very differently . It’s structure uses the direction of shadows to tell time at an accuracy of 2 seconds because of the world’s largest stone clock which tells time According to the movement of sun all day and moon all night . There are yantras constructed in order to have accurate measurements namely Rama yantra , Samrat yantra , Jaya Prakash , Mishra yantra and fifth one is Jantar Mantar itself .

2. Egyptian Pyramids – These are either 118 to 138 identified Pyramids and largest are three Pyramid of Menkaure , Pyramid of Khafre and the great Pyramid of Khufu . But sometimes I wonder what could be the purpose of constructing so unusual monument thousands years back ? And why they stopped building these ? Some Egyptian beliefs held that when Pharaoh died , his spirit reminded vital in the after life and for it’s body , pyramids contains food , furniture and other items the Pharaoh would need in the after life but real and exact reason is still a mystery which researchers continue to uncover , it is just a belief . Although the Pyramids has subterranean Chambers those were never completed where the bodies of dead people are still present and in the king’s chamber where Napoleon is said to have sojourned , deep inside it . Scientists have discovered the Pyramids can collect and concentrate electro magnetic energy in it’s chamber and at it’s base , and if the Pyramids ability to concentrate energy can be recreated on a nanoscale , it can be used to create more efficient sensors and solar cells. It’s middle structure has proven to be some of the indestructible pieces of a architecture ever created .

3. Stone Henge – It is the most Mysterious place in the world . This site had faint stoned laid out in concentric rings and horseshoe shapes on the empty Salisbury plain . It is the most architecturally sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world . Different people have different perception regarding Stone Henge . It carries an endless list of myths and theories with it such as –

a. It was sold at auction for 6,600 pounds , legend has it , he bought it as a gift for his wife .

b. It’s a massive burial site where archaeologists have discovered thousands of bones in numerous bits around the site which belonged to almost 100 different people and they weren’t just local , many of them were from all over the world and most interestingly they were almost half men , half women .

c. Earthworms sank Stone Henge , they eat soil and once they get all nutrients they need they excrete the remains which results the increase in the surface level and makes what ever on the surface sinks (like stones) and around 0.2 inches Stone Henge goes down in the soil every year .

d. Stones come from 150 miles away , the stones are traced back to the Preseli hills which is around 150 miles away from this place which leaves a little unclear theory with it . Some people also believe that these stones were kept by aliens at that place just because they are kept there in a perfect symmetry and unique circular pattern .

4. Humanyun’s Tomb – It is One of the most magnificent tombs ever build . It seems to be the biggest fascinating monument for two reasons first because of the story hidden behind it which still remains a mystery for many and secondly for it’s unique architecture . This tomb carries not two or three houses but hundred houses inside the complex where it is octagonal on the outside while square within which become like a tradition during that time known as eight paradises . Their is a underground chamber present right below the cenotaph where entry is strictly restricted and the reason is still unknown . It is something of a paradon that such a significant structure was built to honour an emperor who never had more then tenuous gripon power .

5. Gobekli Tepe – It means belly hill in Turkish and found to be the world’s oldest temple which have challenging preconceptions about prehistoric culture of almost 12,000 years back which also means 6,000 years before Stone age began . The structure that make up the site is amazingly well preserved , allowing archeologists to study them in something similar to their original state . The thing which left the remarkable preservation of Gobekli Tepe is that temple sites appear to have been backfilled before being abandoned which allowed the structure to remain protected from the climatic and other natural hits but the most weird thing which leaves us thinking is during those days no machines and robots were used then how stones were kept at so much height and if we talk about identity of architects that will cause the greatest shock , archeologists found the clues in the trash where they spend more than two decades examining 11,000 years old animal remains through the landscape around Gobekli Tepe but scattering thing is , lots of bones they found are the one that carries a lots of meat . For archeologists it is evidence that these animals were wild and for it’s builders they were prey . It goes completely against everything archeologists think they knows about the lives of ancient age hunters .

6. Mexican Cenotes – They are natural swimming holes or swimming caves inside Mexico . With the help of modern technology Cenotes have been linked to the extinction of the dinosaurs . Ancient Mayans worshipped Cenotes because they were a water source in the dry times and also a source to speak with the god . Basically Cenote means sacred well and no one knows exactly how many Cenotes are present in Mexico but over 6000 are already found in Mexico alone . Since Mayans thought Cenotes were scared therefore they threw valuable items in water as sacrificial offers but during underwater explorations some tribes even sacrificed their lives which were later found by archeologists and they claimed they didn’t found dead bodies of every tribe member in the water . Now that’s scary but the question is still there that how these holes or caves were formed ?

Now if we look further their are tons of these type of landmarks which carries an unpredictable science and magic with them .

We had heard about humans living on plains , hills and other these kind of areas even though we are one of them but how many of us can even imagine , to pursue there lives on water . I think none of us but Bajau people are one of those who do so , yes they live on water in boats . And knowing about them can just amaze anyone .

Bajau people who are mostly called sea nomads . They had never settled themselves at one location which also seems to be a reason that they rarely go on lands and got no nationality . They had evolved into sea dwelling beings with bodies like no other humans on planet Earth . They are able to adapt to the ferocious waves and as they dive into the seas every time their strength increases . The most fascinating thing is they can walk on the sea floors and have complete control on their breath and body which helps them to hold there breath longer than us humans .

Sea nomads are the first humans who adapted diving . Their lives are simple yet dangerous . They got most of their knowledge through their ancestors and never go with the idea of attending schools or colleges . These people are among the most dangerous Waters in the world such as Indonesian sea , south east Asia and yet they never claimed to have wielded weapons .

What if someone says they don’t know their actual age is , it might could seem funny or a joke to hear that in this century someone is now aware about their ages but it is true that Bajau people don’t even have an idea about there ages . They spend most of their lives on sea and boats , they take birth and die on the sea and everything related to there lives happens on there boats . They hardly have any sense of time and calenders , clocks , birthdays are like some Mysterious objects to them .

Astronshingly , these deep divers are performed only with a wooden mask or goggles and a weight belt which they make by their own . Dr. Ilardo explained that the spleen was an obvious candidate for studying potential adaptations to this aquatic lifestyle . These people never wanted themselves to be a part of the crowd that’s the reason we know very little about them and still unknown about their proper life processes .

From North to South , East to West our India is full of specters stories and turfs and now-a-days it’s quite common to see people going carzy to visit and know more about these kind of haunting and adventurous places . Analysing over this India carries a lots of those places that will chill down our spine!

10. Bhangarh fort (Rajasthan) – Bhangarh fort is situated in Alwar district and stood in 1st position if it comes across the most notorious haunted site in India . The general belief is that a black magician or evil saint fell in love with the princess of the fort town attempted to use a love potion to win her affection but the princess dodged his moves by flinging the potion onto a boulder , which then rolled toward the magician and crushed him . Before his death he curses the fort saying it would end up in a state in which ni one could live , as it is today . Some of the television programs that decided to cover the place also reveal of strange experiences and awkward discomfort from the actors who decided to pay for this place . Once a nine years old boy shared his experience where he and his father were walking near the fort and suddenly and unknown man started following by their side , to get rid of him they walked fast and suddenly that mysterious man disappeared. People who were around them told them there was no body following them and if we have a glance we are able to find a big clusters of more terrifying stories related to this fort .

9. Savoy Hotel (Massoorie) – Visiting and asking the address of Savoy Hotel only , can immediately show us the fear of death in the person’s eyes . Yet it is hard to believe that a pretty hill station can have an unexplored , terrifying dark side too . Years back in 1911 , a well known British spiritualist was poisoned who suffered a painful slow death and still no one is aware about the killer and it is believed that the lady lurks in the corridors of hotel is still looking for her murderer . Number of guests reported about shutting of doors of their own , unknown unforgetable whispers and some even say that they have seen Lady Orme herself . Now that is really scary !!

8. Dumas Beach (Gujarat) – Dumas Beach is basically located in Surat city . Since the beach has been used as a burial ground by Hindus for several years , a lot of spirits reside here and never leave the place . Whispers of people talking can be heard when there is actually nobody present around . And the sudden disappearance of people from the beach is also registered in the police stations but till the date not even a single person is found , dead or alive . Folkbore explain that the existence of black sand their is Because of Ash created by burning the dead which got mixed with white sand of beach that makes it even much more scarier especially during nights .

7. Shaniwar Wada (Pune) – Shaniwar Wada was built upto nurture and witness memories and heroic tales saw nothing , but treachery , pain and ill fate of those who resisted within the walls . It is believed after the demise of Baji Rao , his son took reins of the Maratha empire . Unfortunately the two elder brothers lost their lives in a deadly battle because of which 16 year old Narayan Rao was made the Peshwa , of whom his wicked minded uncle and Aunt killed him , cut into pieces and thrown his entire body into the nearby river . Because of which even now , more so on the full moon nights , the heart wrenching cries of Narayan Rao and can be heard by those who stay close by . Visiting Wada during nights is a big NO!!

6. Agrasen ki Baoli (New Delhi) – Agrasen’s Baoli is one of the most Mysterious places in Delhi because no one knows who actually built a step well inside it . It was built to serve not only as a water reservoir but also as a community place but alas! Ended up as the asylum of ghosts and spirits . Earlier it was filled with black water which dried up today but many people who came here were often led to the water , felt like drowning and as if water is calling them out to submerge themselves in it . Many people who come here complains of being followed when there is really no one around .

5. Mukesh Mills ( Mumbai ) – Mukesh Mills is one of those places that has a dreadful past in Coloba . Some people say that once a watchman of Mukesh Mills closed the gates and then suddenly heard some music coming from inside premise . He stated , he saw someone smoking there on the day when no one was shooting their . Next day he went again , he faced same situation all over again and found no one inside and that’s the last day when that watchman was seen . Their is another story where during a shooting a ten year old girl on the set started moving oddly , rolling on ground with her hands turned backwards as if she is being possessed . Her father brought his daughter came back to normal , as soon as they drove from the Mills .

4. Ramoji Film city (Andra Pradesh) – Ramoji film city was inaugurated by producer Ramoji Rao in 1996 in Hyderabad . Few witnesses claim , while on the film shooting , the workers in the production team managing spotlights from high positions , fall down as if they were brutally pushed . Majority of occurrences suggest the presence of ghost in the hotel rooms . The most amusing fact is that girls are favorite of these ghosts , they rigorously knock on girls changing room doors and are responsible for scary images appearing in these rooms . Some speculate that the spirits belongs to the soldiers and generals who died fighting for the Nizam of Hyderabad .

3. Dow Hills (West Bengal) – Dow Hills can be given a name beauty and a beast situated in Kurseong hill station . This hill station attracts tourists with it’s beauty but according to locals the forest has several spirits that roam around freely and can be feel very easily . People also spotted a headless boy running around into the woods and then suddenly disappears . People living their claim that countless murdered bodies of students studying in Victoria boy’s high school and Dowhill girl’s boarding school were found in the woods surrounding the schools and there spirits footsteps can be heard echoing through the hallways .

2. Vas Villa (Banglore) – Vas Villa comes across the most haunting places of India situated at St. Maris road . It carries a story behind it , according to which a lawyer Mr. E.A. Vas built a house and gave it to two of his unmarried daughters Vera and Dolce and in 2002 , a normal night , become the most terrifying night of this family . An unidentified murdered stabbed Dolce Vas to death in her own bedroom . That house has been demolished but that negative energy is still moving their . People living their also reported about hearing unusual shouting noises during nights and they believe it is the spirit of Dolce Vas searching for her murderer .

1. Jatinga (Assam) – Jatinga a well populated village in Dimatiasao is worldwide famous as the place where the bird suicides happen on moonless nights and was deemed to be haunted by many but luckily scientists had tried to give a satisfying reason for the same , they concluded , birds are disturbed by high velocity winds , when these disturbed birds fly and move towards lights they got hit with bamboo poles and got killed or injured . But some local tribals still belief that this place is cursed and that’s the reason why birds got killed on moonless and foggy dark nights .

No doubts we have many tales which would make our blood run cold and anything associated with the supernatural powers grabs a huge amount of attention of their own . People including scientists are dying to know the hidden powers behind such places , many believe them as a spirit , ghost or whatever they might be called and many believe it nothing else but a hallucination as they have listened a lots of scarring things about those places before visiting their because of which their brain forces them to see those images which do not exist in real . But the exact truth is still a mystery for all of us!!!

Nano is a Greek word which means very small therefore nanoscience and nanotechnology are the studies of extremely small things . It is a applied science which works under 100 nanometers and used since 20 years in computers . The idea of taking very small particles into work was originated in 1959 at California Institute of Technology when physicist Richard Feyman ,the father of nanotechnology delivered his lecture entitled “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” and in 1981 ,finally professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology . Basically ,to understand how minute nanoparticles are ,we just have to imagine 1 metre of the earth surface .

Nanotechnology involves ability to control atoms and molecules individually that also includes quantum mechanics which is very different from other mechanics we all learned in schools and opposite to our common senses (forces us to experience one condition in different ways) ,superfluidity is one well recognised example of it . Their are many projects running regarding nanotechnology such as ,our engineers are working on more tinier nano wires (whose diameter is very small sometimes around one nanometer) which will be used for powerful microprocessors ,chips and transistors . Carbon nano tubes (carbon nano sheets fold up which gives it a cylindrical structure) ,whose properties depends on how carbon sheets are folded which means their properties are totally dependent on individual atom alignment . Their are numerous fields and items across which nanotechnology is used ,chemistry ,biology ,physics , material science and engineering are some of the fields where mostly this technology is used and many of us might not be aware of it but the sunscream ,we are familiar with are also manufactured using this technology .

But wait ,what if this technology will advance on more larger scale ?

With the advancement of nanotechnology most of it’s supermacies will be of bioscience ,chemical science and electronics fields ,their are possiblities that in future nano particles can be invented that can reverse or slow down our ageing process ,removes dead cells and destroy noxious bacteria before they harm ,micro robots – which will be able to perform those surgeries that are not possible to perform by us humans and mend the ozone layer ,fertilizers which will help in faster growth ,waterproof and anti U.V. radiations clothes ,scratch resisting lenses (polymers cotted with aluminum silicate nano particles) that won’t allow easy scratches ,identifies cancer cures it inside the body ,makes the learning and understanding of molecular assembling easy ,totally flexible and transparent material due to which transparent mobile phones could be seen ,mosquito sized spy cameras ,compound 100 times lighter than aluminum (which will be useful in vehicles ,semiconductors and transistors) and appreciably many many more . But their are just possiblities and expectations regarding these inventions because on nanoscale the properties of the substance starts taking dramatical changes .

But aren’t these looking like an impossible thing that a compound can be lighter than aluminum that too 100 times lighter ,how this can be a truth ?

This all will be possible due to its small size ,light weight ,ruthless prices and less requirement of raw material and energy . It is sure in future nanotechnology will be used everywhere in every stuff around us but right now we are into this science to a small extend only which involves nano wires (strong enough to take around 10 lakhs weight on it without itself even getting incise) ,nano capacitors and glasses which does not needs to get cleaned (prepared by using titanium oxide) . With this we are also able to say that nanoscience itself carries an entire world inside it . But this also leaves many questions with us –

Can nano science will surely solve the unsolved problems of medicines ?

Or

Are we really putting a question mark over the natural processes ?

Well! to know answers of these questions ,we can just wait for future which is full of advancements .

Our Indian history is full of surprises . Imagine a vanished city frequently refered to myths and literature suddenly swallowed up by the sea . Yes ,in Indian history the very first lost city was found in 1921 ,which got out of sight due to wars ,climatic changes and other natural factors . By the passage of time these cities lost their identities and named as LOST CITIES but as the time passed such lost cities started adding upto the list ,from whom most five famous Indian cities are –

1- RAKHIGARHI became a headline in India when a farmer Working on his field ,found a piece of bone which was thousands of years old . After DNA testing conclusion came out that ,that bone was of a woman who lived around 4500 years ago and after more researches results were that woman belonged to RAKHIGARHI ,HANSI ,HARYANA which was once ,one of five known biggest townships of HARAPPAN civilization .

2- MUZURIS was one of the India’s most important trading ports in Kerala which was later known as MURACHIPATTANAM . Muzuris is the hub because of which Kerala is known as CENTRE OF SPICE . Around 2000 years back ,it just disappeared from every map without leaving a trace behind because of cyclones and floods and the search for this port got started in 1945 and after 24 years of hard-work this port was excavated in 1969 .

3- DWARKA an ancient city in Gujarat ,where according to Hindu mythology ,Lord Krishna ,eighth avatara of Lord Vishnu ,once lived and immediately after his death ,a massive flood swallowed all the Dwarka and submerged the city of gold to bottom of ocean . The search for Dwarka or Dwarika started in 1930s and the first archaeological excavation tool place in 1963 where numerous ancient artefacts were found .

4- POOMPUHAR was once a port city where overseas trade were made between countries in Tamil Nadu . It was one of the major port during the tenure of Cholas . Poompuhar is more popular by the Puhar name . But this town was washed away due to Sea Strom and erosion in 500 AD and excavated in 1962-1963 . Sea submerged the original city and now there is only a small village present .

5- DHOLAVIRA ,which is the second largest HARAPPAN site in India and considered as the most prominent archaeological site discovered in 1967-1968 . The most amazing and unique thing about Dholavira is that this city was primarily constructed from stone ,which is quite impenetrable to nature’s elements . Many historians believe that this city lost it’s civilization due to climatic changes and natural aspects but some historians believe in the Aryan Invasion which may simply refer to migration .

Like us humans these Cities are also mortal ,they are born ,they grow and eventually they die . These places are Mysterious yet beautiful . Millions of visitors ,history seekers and treasure hunters across the globe are wishing to have a lit on their imaginations and revamper their past glories ,many of these Cities are known and many are yet to known .

“Why did not somebody teach me the constellations and make me at home in the starry heavens ,which are always over head ,and which I don’t half know to this day ?” -THOMAS CARLYLE

Constellations are totally imaginary thing that poets made up which means ,a group of Stars that appears to form gods ,heroes ,and mythical animals . But as the stars are moving relative to earth ,these constellations will disappear and future generations will need to invent constellations for their own . But for now ,their are total 88 recognisable constellations ,from whom mine 5 favorites are –

1. HYDRA is the largest constellation of the 88 . It represents a water snake on whom Apollo’s crow blames it’s tardiness . God sent the bird ,Corvus to fetch him water in a cup which was associated with Carter . The crow was distracted and stopped to feast when it finally returned to Apollo ,it said water snake was to blame but God saw through bird’s lie and punished him by placing it into the sky. Apollo also turned water snake and cup in the sky where snake eternally prevents crow from drinking out of the cup .

2. DRACO name is derived from the Latin term which means huge serpent involves the most famous story where he was the dragon ,in order to possess the Golden Apples of Hesperides ,Hercules had a defeat the dragon . Dragon was defeated by goddess Athena ,when Olympian gods fought the Titans ,goddess Athena grabbed dragon’s tail and threw him into the sky. It is located between Ursa Major constellation and Ursa Minor constellation .

3. VOLANS is one of the smallest constellation which represents the flying fish and originally named Piscis Volans but as the time passed ,it was shortened to Volans . It is one of those constellations which are not associated with any myths or imaginary story and can be seen clearly in Southern sky . In the sky this flying fish is chased by the predatory fish represented by DORADO CONSTELLATIONS .

4. CORONA BOREALIS is well known to represent the northern crown and considering it’s size it lies on the 73rd position among 88 constellations . It is located between the BOOTES and HERCULES CONSTELLATIONS . In classical mythology ,it generally represents the crown given by the god Dionysus to Cretan Princess Ariadne and set by him in the heavens . It is a similar pattern of CORONA AUSTRALIS ,known as the southern crown .

5. GEMINI is the northern sky constellation and includes the apparent paths of sun ,moon ,and planets . According to Gemini mythology ,the constellation represents the twins ,Castor and Polydeuceus who belong to same mother but different fathers . Pollux was an immortal while Castor ,his twin brother was mortal and finally has to die . Having spent their whole lives together Pollux begged his father for help . Zeus decides that rather than killing Pollux so he can be with Castor he makes Castor immortal also ,and two of them get to live together forever as constellation GEMINI .

A topic which got an another level fanbase during past few years ,which is situated nearby a Groom Lake ,it’s a dry lake bed their which is flat and as hard as cement in Las Vegas in America .

People had a belief that on 2nd July 1947 an U.F.O. (Unidentified flying object) had crashed over a area which is well recognized as Area 51 . But America denied over the presence of area 51 is Las Vegas ,even though to avoid this news ,Area 51 was not mentioned on the country’s map . During the VEITNAM WAR in 1955 ,CII agreed that Area 51 is present in America and added there are no aleins in that region but their is an open air Force training base . But during 1996 people’s doubt started taken a face of reality when NEVADA’S NIRJAN HIGHWAY 375 name was changed into EXTRATERRESTRIAL HIGHWAY .

Meanwhile a Russian plane had detected 8 run ways/highways strips in area 51 . Also Area 51 is considered as the most secured airbase in America but during 2013 America published a report where “NO AIR BASE ,NO ALEINS” was clearly mentioned . Although people working in Area 51 are strictly instructed not to talk to anyone about their works Even though employees working in different departments are not allowed to talk to each other which again force us people to suspect , America is hiding something .

A person worked in Area 51,BOB LAZAR had assured about watching an U.F.O. in the sky which uses element 115 as fuel that is well known as Moscovium found in Sweden after Bob Lazar’s interview . But being realistic ,people doesn’t believed him when he stated that ,he had worked with 9 aleins in Area 51 and to prove himself right he also claimed of having photographs of them and added “those aleins are able to read our minds without ourselves knowing” . He also had make a documentary over this .

On 23rd June 2019 ,a Californian teenage girl created an event on Facebook “Storm Area 51 they can’t stop all of us” which was joined by over 20 lakhs people who rated their on 20th September 2019 . Even for some people perceive Area 51 is just a fake deed that was sensationally pulled off .

But not every Area 51 ory is aleins ,the official line gears more towards at being a secret engineering base where America develops state of the art aircraft but there are also rumors that base serves is a test side for far future technology which includes time travel ,teleportation and many more technologies too.

Even though now also their are many more hidden secrets captured behind the walls of Area 51 .